Chapter 4
Adverbs Section 10
An adverb, a verb modifier, defines how the
action is performed. In addition, an adverb can also modify an adjective or
another adverb.
For example,
the word kayaku (quickly) in the following
sentence is an adverb modifying the verb aruku
(to walk).
Watashi wa hayaku aruki masu. I walk quickly.
An adverb is
normally placed in a sentence directly before the verb or the object, if one
appears. So the general sentence pattern is:
(Theme)-wa Time / Place / Other definition / Adverb (Object)-o v2-masu.
Note: If the verb is intransitive, disregard (object)-o.
There are
three types of Japanese adverbs:
1.
Adverbs
derived from adjectives
2.
Nouns
with adverbial suffixes
3.
Adverbs
proper
Adverbs derived from adjectives
Just like the
English words “quick” (adjective) and “quickly” (adverb), Japanese adjectives
can also be converted to adverbs by changing their suffixes in the following
manner.
Adjective à Adverb
Adj-i Adj-ku
Adj-na Adj-ni
Examples:
haya-i
quick haya-ku quickly
oso-i slow oso-ku slowly
atarashi-i new atarashi-ku newly
tanoshi-i merry tanoshi-ku merrily
shinsetsu-na kind shinsetsu-ni kindly
shoujiki-na honest shoujiki-ni honestly
shizuka-na quiet shizukana-ni quietly
watashi tachi wa tanoshi ku We spent the holiday merrily.
kyuujitsu o sugoshi-mashita.
kyuujitsu o sugoshi-mashita.
Kanojo wa shizuka-ni hon o
yomi-mashita. She
read the book quietly.
Nouns with Adverbial suffixes
Nouns with
the following adverbial suffixes can function as adverbs:
-gurai about
-hodo to the extent of
-dake only
-bakari nothing but
-demo, -nado or something like that
-demo, -datte, even
-desae
-desae
-nanka such as
Examples:
Watashi wa go-man en gurai
tsukai-mashita. I spent about Y50,000.
Sore wa go-sen en hodo ooku
kakari-masu. It will cost almost Y5,000 more.
Watashi wa eigo dake narai-mashita. I learnt only
English.
Kare wa shigoto bakari shi-masu. He does nothing but work.
O-cha demo nomi-masu ka. Shall we have tea or something?
Nihon no uta datte utai-masu. I can even sing Japanese songs.
Okane nante iri-masen. I don’t need anything like money.
Adverbs
Proper
Adverbs of degree
ippai, juubun-ni, zenbu, sukkari fully
mina, minna all, every
totemo,
taihen, hijou-ni very much, extremely
zutto,
danzen by far
zehi, zehitomo by all means
mattaku,
nakanaka, soutou quite, considerably
takusan, oozei (people only) many, much
hotondo, daitai almost
futsuu, taitei generally
omo-ni,
shutoshite mainly
daibu,
kanari considerably
toku-ni,
tokubetsu especially
iroiro variously
ichiou,
toriaezu tentatively
motto,
issou more
kitto,
kanarazu surely
tabun,
osoraku probably, maybe
narubeku,
dekirudake as….as possible
yoku,
umaku well
chotto, sukoshi a few, a little
angai unexpectedly
amari not much, not quite
chittomo, sukoshimo not a bit
kesshite, zettai-ni never
Adverbs of manner
dondon,
sumiyaka-ni rapidly
kyuu-ni,
totsuzen suddenly
dandan,
shidai-ni gradually
yukkuri slowly
chanto properly
hontou-ni truly
choudo,
pittari exactly
shikkari-to firmly
hakkiri-to clearly
marude utterly
yahari,
kekkyoku after all
tonikaku anyhow
mushiro,
kaette rather
watashi wa taihen tsukare-mashita. I am very tired.
yuube o-sake o sukoshi nomi-mashita. I had a little sake last
night.
kanojo wa kitto yakusoku o
mamori-masu. She will surely keep her promise.
kare wa tabun ki-masen. He will probably not come.
watashi wa amari nomi-masen. I don’t drink much.
watashi wa kesshite uso o tsuki-masen. I never tell a lie.
kare wa totsuzen tachi agari-mashita. He suddenly stood up.
kanojo wa shikkari to watashi no ude o She held my arm firmly.
tsukami-mashita.
tsukami-mashita.
yume wa yahari jitsugen shi-masen The dream did not come true after all.
deshita.
deshita.
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