Section 7: v2-mono and v2-kata
Mono is a noun
which literally means “thing,” and also means “person” or “fellow”. When attached
to the v2 form, v2-mono expresses the literal meaning of a “thing (things) or a
person (persons) for a certain function)”. As you will see, this rather complex
sounding expression usually equates to rather simple English nounds.
Japanese Literal
Meaning English
equivalent
Tabe-mono thing to eat food
Nomi-mono thing to
drink liquors,
beverages
Ki-mono thing to
wear (Japanese)
clothing
Kai-mono thing to buy shopping, good
buy
Uri-mono thing to
sell for
sale
Okuri-mono thing to
present gift
Nori-mono thing to
ride vehicle
mi-mono thing to see highlight
yomi-mono thing to
read literature
iki-mono living thing creature
tate-mono thing to be
built building
koware-mono thing that
is easily broken fragile
hataraki-mono person who
works hard hard worker
namake-mono person who
dawdles lazy person
v2-kata
The suffix kata,
when attached to a v2 form of a
verb, expresses the way or manner to do something.
tsukai-kata how
to use iki-kata the
way of living
tsurkuri-kata how to make hanashi-kata the way of speaking
oyogi-kata how
to swim kangae-kata the
way of thinking
ake-kata how to open mi-kata the
way of looking at
susume-kata how to proceed aruki-kata the manner of walking
sodate-kata how to bring up oshie-kata the
method of teaching
Section 8: Compound verbs v2-v3
In certain cases, combining two verbs, the first in v2 form and the second in v3 form, can produce a meaningful compound verb. For example:
To
see: v3 is miru. v2 is mi.
To learn: v3 is narau
The compound verb in v2-v3 form, mi-narau,
means “to learn by observation”, or even “to follow suit”
The above v2-v3
compound is considered to be a root form or dictionary form. In conjugation,
the v2 part remains unchanged; only
the v3 part conjugates just like any
other single v3 verb. For example,
the polite v2 masu form for a v2-v3 is v2-v2 masu. So mi-narau
becomes mi-narai-masu.
Japanese Literal
Meaning English
equivalent
mi-naosu to
see and mend to give
it a second look; to discover new merits
mi-wakeru to see and
separate to distinguish;
to identify
mi-yaburu to see and
break to see through
another’s plot
mi-nogasu to see and
let go to overlook;
to wink an eye at
nusumi-miru to steal and
see to cast a
furtive glance at
kaki-naosu to write and
mend to rewrite
hanashi-hajimeru to speak and
begin to begin talking
aruki-tsuzukeru to walk and
continue to continue walking
yomi-owaru to read and
finish to finish reading
nomi-akasu to drink and
sit up all night to drink the night
away
tobi-okiru to jump and
get up to jump out of bed
ne-sugosu to sleep and
pass to oversleep
oki-wasureru to put and
forget to mislay
nori-kaeru to ride and
change to transfer (to another train,
plane, etc)
tabe-sugiru to eat and
exceed to eat too much
Adjective-sugiru
By following the format below, the verb sugiru (to exceed), seen in the last
example above, can also be attached to adjectives to describe a degree of
excess:
Adj-i –sugiru
Adj-na-sugiru
taka-sugiru too expensive
ooki-sugiru too big
chiisa-sugiru too small
oo-sugiru too much
sukuna-sugiru too little
shizuka-sugiru too quiet
Section 9: v2 used as a noun
In most cases, the v2 form of a verb can be used as an everyday noun either by itself
or as a compound word combined with another noun or adjective. (This function
is very much like that of the gerund
in English, as stated in the introduction of Chapter 7.)
V3 v2
used as a noun
hanasu to
speak, to tell hanashi speech,
story
kangaeru to think kangae thought,
idea, opinion
oshieru to
teach oshie instruction,
doctrine
nagameru to look on nagame view
toru to
pass through toori street
okonau to
act okonai behaviour
umareru to be born umare lineage
kawaru to
replace o-kawari second
helping
More
examples
V3 v2
used as a noun
kasu to
lend kasha loan
kashi-kata credit side
kariru to borrow kari debt
kari-kata debit side
tetsudau to help tetsudai helping
hand
o-tetsudai-san maid
neru to sleep hiru-ne nap
(combined
with hiru [daytime])
Nigeru to run away yo-nige flight by night
(combined
with yoru [night])
Miru to see hana-mi cherry
blossom viewing
(combined
with hana [flower])
Kaku to write, draw e-kaki painter
(combined
with e [picture])
Shiru to know mono-shiri knowledgeable
person
(combined
with mono [things])
Nomu to drink sake-nomi heavy
drinker
(combined
with sake [rice wine])
Yasumu to rest yasumi day
off, holiday
Natsu-yasumi summer vacation
Zuru-yasumi truancy
(combined
with zurui [sly])
Okiru to get up haya-oki early
riser
(combined
with hayai [early])
Uru to sell yasu-uri bargain
sale
(combined
with yasui [cheap])
Ikiru to live, subsist naga-iki longevity
(combined
with nagai [long])
Section 10: Honorifics (4): o-v2-Forms
o-v2 forms
The o-v2
form, (v2 verb used as a noun with
prefix o, for example hanasu (to speak) becomes o-hanashi) plays an important role in
honorifics in the following forms. (Each form has tentatively been numbered R1
through H4.)
Respectful forms doer of V2
(R1) o-v2-desu second (you) or third person
(R2)
o-v2-nasai-masu second (you) or third person
(R3) o-v2-ni-nari-masu second (you) or third person
(R4)
o-v2-kudasai-masu second (you) or third person
Humble forms doer of v2
(H1) o-v2-shi-masu first person (I)
(H2)
o-v2-itashi-masu first person (I)
(H3)
o-v2-moushi-agemasu first person (I)
(H4) o-v2-itadaki-masu second or third person
Important
Pay attention to who is actually doing the action of
the v2 verb. For example in o-hanashi (to talk), pay attention to
the person who is doing the talking. In all respectful forms, it is easy to
assume that the action of the v2
verb is being performed by the second person (you) or the third person (he,
she, they).
For the forms (H1) through (H3), it is also
understandable, by the use of the plain or humble suffixes (shi-masu, itashi-masu, moushi-age-masu)
that the doer of v2 is the first
person (I, we) or the speaker. In (H4), the suffix itadaki-masu is the humble form meaning “I receive a favour (from
the second or third person).” Therefore the true doer of the action v2 is the originator of the favour.
Since the v2
of o-v2 functions as a verb that has
turned into a noun, (as we studied in the previous section) the two kanji
character action nouns (suru verbs, eg shinpai, shusseki, souji, unten) can
easily be used in place of the v2.
In such cases, however, the prefix go
is generally used instead of o. For
example: go-aisatsu, go-kekkon,
go-hatten.
(R1)
o-v2-desu
This is the simplified form of (R2) or (R3) forms, and
is often used in practical conversation. Examples:
Tanaka san ga o-mie desu. Mr Tanaka is here. (Mr Tanaka shows up).
Shachou ga o-yobi desu. The President is calling you.
Nani o o-sagashi desu ka. What are you looking for?
(R2)
o-v2-nasai-masu and (R3) o-v2-ni-nari-masu
Both (R2) and (R3) forms indicate a very high degree
of respect. Examples:
Tanaka san to o-hanashi nasai- Have
you talked with Mr Tanaka?
mashita ka.
Mou go-chuumon nasaimashita
ka. Have you ordered already?
Tanaka san to yoku o-ai-ni nari- Do you often meet with Mr Tanaka?
masu ka.
Satou san wa taihen o-yorokobi
ni Mr Sato was very glad.
narimashita.
Ouji-sama ga o-umare ni nari- A prince was born.
mashita.
Sukoshi o-yase ni narimashita
ne. You seem to have lost a little weight, haven’t you?
Katou san wa kotoshi daigaku o Miss Kato will graduate from university this year.
go-sotsugyou ni narimasu.
(H1)
o-v2-shimasu, (H2) o-v2-itashimasu and (H3) o-v2-moushi-agemasu
These three forms all mean “I will do” in order of
humble ness. (H3 is the most humble form.) Examples:
(H1) Sugu ni o-okuri-shimasu I will send it right away.
(H2) Sugu ni
o-okuri-itashimasu
(H3) Sugu ni
o-okuri-moushi-agemasu.
(H1) Ashita o-denwa-shimasu I will call you on the telephone tomorrow.
(H2) Asu o-denwa-itashimasu
(H3) Asu
o-denwa-moushi-agemasu.
(H1) Koujou o
go-annai-shimasu. I will give you a tour of the factory.
(H2) Koujou o
go-annai-itashimasu.
(H3) Koujou o
go-annai-moushi-agemasu.
(R4)
o-v2-kudasai-masu and (H4) o-v2-itadaki-masu
Kudasaru is a
respectful word meaning “to give” and itadaki
is a humble word meaning “to receive”. (See Chapter 4 Section 12). The meaning
conveyed here is that the second or the third person is taking the trouble to
do the action of the v2 verb as a
favour to the speaker. This can be expressed in two ways: (R4) from the favour
giving side and (H4) from the favour receiving side.
(R4) Itou san ga (watashi tachi ni) o Mr Ito told us the story.
hanashi-kudasai-mashita.
(H4) (watashi tachi wa) Itou
san ni o
hanashi-itadaki-mashita.
(R4) Itou san ga (watashi ni)
sono nyuusu Mr Ito informed me of the news.
o o-shirase-kudasai-mashita.
(H4) (Watashi wa) Itou san ni
sono nyuusu
o o-shirase-itadaki-mashita.
(R4) Satou san wa watashi o
paatii ni Mr Sato invited me to the party.
go-shoutai-kudasai-mashita.
(H4) Watashi wa Satou san kara
paatii ni
go-shoutai-itadaki-mashita.
o-v2-kudasai
The o-v2-kudasai
form is a variation of (R4). This is used in making a respectful request to the
listener, and literally means “would you please do me a favour?” Examples:
Douzo shibaraku o machi kudasai. Would you please wait a moment.
Douzo kochira ni o ide kudasai. Would you please come this way?
Douzo shitsurei o o-yurushi kudasai. Please forgive my rudeness.
Douzo o genki ni o sugoshi kudasai. Please take good care of your health.
O-tabako wa go-enryo kudasai. Kindly refrain from smoking.
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